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Babylonian Talmud: Tractate ‘Abodah Zarah

Folio 55a

Am I utterly to consume all things from off the face of the ground, saith the Lord; am I to consume man and beast; am I to consume the fowls of the heaven, and the fishes of the sea, even the stumbling-blocks of the wicked!1  — i.e., because the wicked stumble over these things is He to destroy them from the world? Do they not worship the human being; so am I to cut off man from off the face of the ground!'2

The General Agrippa asked R. Gamaliel, 'It is written in your Torah, For the Lord thy God is a devouring fire, a jealous God. Is a wise man jealous of any but a wise man, a warrior of any but a warrior, a rich man of any but a rich man?'3  He replied, 'I will give you a parable: To what is the matter like? To a man who marries an additional wife. If the second wife is her superior, the first will not be jealous of her, but if she is her inferior, the first wife will be jealous of her.'4

[An Israelite named] Zunin5  said to R. Akiba: 'We both know in our heart that there is no reality in an idol; nevertheless we see men enter [the shrine] crippled and come out cured.6  What is the reason?' He replied, 'I will give you a parable: To what is the matter like? To a trustworthy man in a city, and all his townsmen used to deposit [their money] in his charge without witnesses. One man, however, came and deposited [his money] in his charge with witnesses; but on one occasion he forgot and made his deposit without witnesses. The wife [of the trustworthy man] said to [her husband], "Come, let us deny it." He answered her, "Because this fool acted in an unworthy manner, shall I destroy my reputation for trustworthiness!" It is similar with afflictions. At the time they are sent upon a man the oath is imposed upon them, "You shall not come upon him except on such and such a day, nor depart from him except on such and such a day, and at such an hour, and through the medium of so and so, and through such and such a remedy." When the time arrives for them to depart, the man chanced to go to an idolatrous shrine. The afflictions plead, "It is right that we should not leave him and depart; but because this fool acts in an unworthy way shall we break our oath!"' This is similar to what R. Johanan said: What means that which is written, And sore and faithful sicknesses?7  — 'Sore' in their mission and 'faithful' to their oath.

Raba son of R. Isaac said to Rab Judah: 'There is an idolatrous shrine in our place, and whenever the world is in need of rain, [the idol] appears to [its priests] in a dream, saying, "Slay a human being to me and I will send rain." They slay a human being to it and rain does come!' He replied, 'Now were I dead, nobody could have related to you a certain dictum of Rab, viz., What means that which is written, Which the Lord thy God hath divided [halak] unto all the peoples under the whole heaven!8  This teaches that He made smooth [hehelik] their words9  to banish [idolaters] from the world. This is similar to what R. Simeon b. Lakish said: What means that which is written, Surely He scorneth the scorners, but He giveth grace unto the lowly!10  If one comes to defile himself he is granted facilities for so doing, and if he comes to purify himself support is given to him.

MISHNAH. A WINEPRESS [CONTAINING] TRODDEN [GRAPES] MAY BE PURCHASED FROM A HEATHEN EVEN THOUGH IT WAS HE THAT LIFTED [THE TRODDEN GRAPES] WITH HIS HAND AND PUT THEM AMONG THE HEAP;11  AND [THE JUICE] DOES NOT BECOME YEN NESEK12  UNTIL IT DESCENDS INTO THE VAT. WHEN IT HAS DESCENDED INTO THE VAT, WHAT IS IN THE VAT IS PROHIBITED13  BUT THE REMAINDER IS PERMITTED. [ISRAELITES] MAY TREAD THE WINEPRESS TOGETHER WITH A HEATHEN

Original footnotes renumbered. See Structure of the Talmud Files
  1. Zeph. I, 2 f. The Talmud requires this translation. E.V., I will utterly consume etc.
  2. Ibid.
  3. Consequently if God is jealous of idols, they must be comparable to Him.
  4. Because the affront is when the man chooses an inferior woman to take her place in his affections.
  5. [Bacher, op. cit., p. 301, identifies him with the superintendent of R. Gamaliel's household. Pes. 49a.]
  6. [According to Bacher, loc. cit., n. 3, the reference is to the pagan practice which was for the afflicted person to repair to the shrine of Asklepios or Serapis where he would pass the night in the expectation of receiving in a dream a revelation of his cure.]
  7. Deut. XXVIII, 59. So the Hebrew literally.
  8. Ibid. IV, 19.
  9. Gave the idols power to deceive men.
  10. Prov. III, 34.
  11. ['After the first treading the husks and stalks were piled in a heap in the centre and then submitted to further pressure by means of weights.' (Elmslie, a.l.)]
  12. 'Libation-wine,' v. Glos.
  13. [Should the heathen handle it.]

‘Abodah Zarah 55b

 BUT MAY NOT GLEAN GRAPES WITH HIM.1  SHOULD AN ISRAELITE BE WORKING IN A STATE OF RITUAL IMPURITY, WE MAY NEITHER TREAD NOR GLEAN WITH HIM, BUT WE MAY CONVEY [EMPTY] CASKS WITH HIM TO THE PRESS AND CARRY THEM [FILLED] WITH HIM FROM THE PRESS. IF A BAKER WAS WORKING IN A STATE OF RITUAL IMPURITY, WE MAY NEITHER KNEAD NOR ROLL DOUGH WITH HIM BUT WE MAY CONVEY LOAVES WITH HIM TO THE BAKERY.

GEMARA. R. Huna said: As soon as the wine begins to flow2  it may become nesek. But we learn in our Mishnah: A WINEPRESS [CONTAINING] TRODDEN [GRAPES] MAY BE PURCHASED FROM A HEATHEN EVEN THOUGH IT WAS HE THAT LIFTED [THE TRODDEN GRAPES] WITH HIS HAND AND PUT THEM AMONG THE HEAP!3  — R. Huna said: This refers to a winepress which is stoppered and full.4  Come and hear: AND [THE JUICE] DOES NOT BECOME YEN NESEK UNTIL IT DESCENDS INTO THE VAT!5  — Similarly here [says R. Huna, the Mishnah deals with] a vat which is stoppered and full.6  Come and hear: WHEN IT HAS DESCENDED INTO THE VAT, WHAT IS IN THE VAT IS PROHIBITED BUT THE REMAINDER IS PERMITTED!7  — R. Huna said: There is no contradiction; one teaching is from the older Mishnah and the other from the later Mishnah;8  for it has been taught: 'At first [the Sages] used to say (B.D.D.)9  that [Israelites] may not glean grapes together with a heathen [and bring them] into a winepress,10  for the reason that it is forbidden to cause defilement to the ordinary foodstuffs11  of the Land of Israel, nor may they tread grapes together with an Israelite who works with his fruits while he is in a state of defilement for the reason that it is forbidden to assist transgressors; but they may tread grapes together with a heathen in a winepress.'12  Consequently no attention is here paid to the view of R. Huna.13  'Later [the Rabbis] said (D.B.B.):14  [Israelites] may not tread grapes together with a heathen in a winepress,' for the reason given by R. Huna,15

Original footnotes renumbered. See Structure of the Talmud Files
  1. The explanation is given in the Gemara.
  2. From the upper trough which contains the grapes through a pipe into the lower where the wine collects. The press always consisted of two compartments. V. the illustration in Encyc. Bib., IV, col. 5312, and the description in Krauss, Tal, Arch., II, pp. 233 f.
  3. It would consequently appear that the wine is not prohibited as soon as it begins to flow.
  4. No wine could then run out; so when the juice flows from the grapes it remains on top. Consequently the wine must have been touched by the heathen and it is rendered nesek.
  5. This contradicts the explanation just given.
  6. So that the wine remains in the upper trough.
  7. Consequently wine must have flowed into the vat.
  8. [Probably that of R. Akiba, v. Sanh, (Sonc. ed.) p. 163, n. 7.]
  9. A mnemonic of the three rulings that follow: [H], [H], [H].
  10. [The heathen winepress for which they are destined will cause defilement to the grapes.]
  11. Eaten by the people as distinct from parts of certain offerings which belong to the priests.
  12. [Because the grapes having been picked and placed in the winepress by the heathen have already become defiled, and the assistance of the Jew at treading causes no further damage.]
  13. That wine becomes nesek as soon as it begins to flow, in which case it would be forbidden for the Jew to assist in the treading.
  14. Mnemonic of the rulings that follow: [H]. [H]. [H]
  15. Viz., that the juice is considered to be wine as soon as it runs from the grapes, and the Jew would be working at Yen Nesek.